Over the years, gymnastics has become a sport for little women. No one knows why that
is, though, or even whether it’s good or bad. But University
of Georgia scientists hope a new study will provide some answers.
The scientists will study children 4 to 8 years old. They hope to find how intensive
athletics at a young age affects future health, said Rick Lewis, a foods and nutrition
researcher with the UGA College of
Family and Consumer Sciences.
Lewis will lead the $1.2 million study, which is funded by the
He and his UGA colleagues began researching gymnasts’ health in 1993. They studied the
sport’s impact on women of college age and those in their 30s and 40s.
They thought they’d find that gymnasts’ higher risk for eating disorders and amenorrhea
(absence of menstruation) could lead to a loss of bone mineral and to osteoporosis as the
women grow older.
"Instead, we found they had a much higher bone mass than nongymnasts," Lewis
said. That was true even though many of the college-age women restricted their food
intake.
Since that study, Lewis has compared college gymnasts with their peers. And for the
past two years, he has researched a dozen girls between 8 and 12 years old.
But in all the studies so far, the subjects had been gymnasts for many years already.
That made it hard to gauge the sport’s true impact.
In the first studies, "the older women had started gymnastics training at about 12
years old," Lewis said. "Most of today’s college gymnasts started training when
they were 6. And the trend is to start as young as 4."
Lewis plans to study 50 girls between 4 and 8 years old during their first two years of
gymnastics training. A control group will include some girls highly active in other sports
and others involved only in recreational sports.
"Over the years, gymnasts who compete in the Olympics have become shorter and
shorter," Lewis said. "Is that a result of restrictive eating patterns and the
impact of high-intensity gymnastics on bone development? Or were these young women already
genetically programmed to have smaller builds and denser bones?"
The study will look at whether gymnasts’ bones may develop differently as a result of
their activity.
"It may be that their bodies trade off bone length for bone density," Lewis
said. "By spending two years following children just beginning gymnastics, we can
assess whether gymnastics blunts growth velocity and significantly alters growth
factors."
Lewis will also study the sport’s psychological effect. In trimming their food intake
to stay thin, do young gymnasts develop attitudes that could place them at risk for eating
disorders later?
"The common assumption is that young women who engage in activities such as
gymnastics and ballet are at especially high risk for developing eating disorders,"
Lewis said. "But no large-scale studies of this issue have been conducted."
Young gymnasts do score higher on tests that indicate a higher risk of these problems.
"But these scores may actually mean they have a healthy attention to matters
important to achieving athletic excellence," Lewis said, "such as avoiding
excess body fat."
Young gymnasts eat fewer calories and calcium than is recommended for girls their age
and size. But so do girls who aren’t gymnasts.
Lewis said it’s critical to study gymnasts’ dietary habits and energy expenditure
before they begin training. And it’s vital to follow them over time and compare them with
girls with other and less intensive sports roles.
By doing that, he said, "we should have a much clearer picture of the role
gymnastics plays in the diet of girls who excel in this sport."
