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C 858-9
Corrosive or Scaling Water
Corrosiveness or scaling is an inherent property of some groundwater and is related to the type of rocks or sediments in contact with the groundwater. Corrosion is caused when water reacts with and dissolves metal plumbing. This can add toxic levels of metals like copper and lead to your water. Other problems associated with corrosive water include:
• Deterioration and damage to the plumbing
• Water damage caused by leaks
• Staining of laundry
• Bitter taste
• Staining of plumbing fixtures
Scaling occurs when water has high levels of minerals like calcium carbonate, which can build-up on surfaces. Slight scaling can be considered beneficial because the inside surfaces of metal pipes become coated with harmless minerals that act as a barrier to corrosion. Increased levels of scaling, however, can be harmful. Hot-water heaters are the most common place for scale formation in a home water system. Problems caused by scaling include:
• Reduced efficiency of the hot-water heater
• Reduced or blocked flow to fixtures or appliances
• Leaky valves
The degree of either corrosiveness or scaling can be predicted using a Saturation Index (SI). The following information contains a description of the SI, non-treatment strategies for reducing problems, and treatment methods to reduce the corrosion or scale caused by your water.|
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C 858-5
Nitrate and Nitrite in Water
Private well owners are responsible for the safety of their drinking water. Maintaining a healthy well requires routine testing for possible contaminants, including nitrate and nitrite. To assist in water safety, the EPA has set standards for nitrate levels in public drinking water systems. Although private well owners are not required to meet these standards, they do serve as a reference for safe drinking water. The EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) nitrate is: 10 ppm (parts per million) or mg/L (milligrams per liter) nitrate-nitrogen or, if expressed as nitrate, 45 ppm. For nitrite, the MCL is: 1 ppm or mg/L nitrite-nitrogen or, 3.28 ppm if expressed as nitrite. Nitrite is not stable in water and rapidly transforms to nitrate fairly easy. Its presence is an indicator of high concentrations of either nitrate or ammonia.
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This annual publication includes a report of 2019-20 onion research variety trials and Extension activity at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. The report contains the results of research awarded by the Vidalia Onion Commodity Commission.
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This research report presents results of the 2019-2020 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Athens in the Piedmont region; and Rome in the Limestone Valley region. An additional study was conducted at Citra, Florida. Winter annual forage tests were conducted at all Georgia grain sites except Midville, and also at Headland and Clanton, Alabama. Multiple tests were lost this year due to the impact of Covid-19 on university operations. For identification of the test locations, consult the map inside the back cover of this report.
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C 1212
Grape Sour Rot
Although grape sour rot can occur in drier climates, the disease complex tends to be especially problematic during wine grape ripening in wet, humid regions. Browning and disintegrating berries and the aroma of vinegar (acetic acid) are a few symptoms that characterize grape sour rot. Sour rot ultimately results in crop yield reduction as damaged berries often “shatter,” or fall off the clusters. Sorting out clusters with sour rot that are not suitable for winemaking causes a further reduction in return revenues as less wine is produced. Although it has only recently been a topic of defined research, sour rot is a prominent concern in Eastern U.S. vineyards as: (1) it is consistently observed in vineyards, particularly in white-berried cultivars; and (2) questions remain about how to best manage it, particularly with the threat of insecticide resistance development in targeted fruit flies.
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Livestock shows and purebred sales often require an ear tattoo as a form of permanent identification. If the rules of your next event require a tattoo, it is imperative for it to be accurate and easily read. Mistakes or improper application of tattoos can be very frustrating situations for everyone involved. Illegible, infected or incorrect digits are unfortunately common. Following a few key steps can help improve the effectiveness of tattoo application and the ease with which they can be read. So, let’s make sure that it is done right the first time. Please remember also to check your tattoos often.
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C 1207
Halter Training Beef Cattle
If you or someone you know is planning to halter train beef cattle, remember that the calf must be coached—it will not instinctively know what to do. Good coaching equals better results. This circular focuses on how to be a good coach during the halter training process for beef cattle.
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The plants and gardens that we tend matter for our personal health. They can enhance our homes, making them a haven for rest and well-being. They provide much-needed exercise, nutrition, and diversion while also providing the space to make important community connections.
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